Simba, sehwaro hwezvinhu zvebudiriro yevanhu, ragara richiita basa rakakosha. Ivimbiso inokosha yekukura kwevanhu. Pamwe chete nemvura, mhepo, nechikafu, rinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti vanhu vararame uye rinokanganisa zvakananga hupenyu hwevanhu.

Kukura kweindasitiri yesimba kwave neshanduko huru mbiri kubva "nguva" yehuni kuenda "nguva" yemarasha, uye kubva "nguva" yemarasha kuenda "nguva" yemafuta. Iye zvino zvatanga kuchinja kubva "nguva" yemafuta kuenda "nguva" yeshanduko yesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa.

Kubva pamarasha senzvimbo huru yekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 kusvika kuoiri senzvimbo huru pakati pezana remakore rechi20, vanhu vakashandisa simba rezvisaririra zvakawanda kwemakore anopfuura 200. Zvisinei, chimiro chesimba repasi rose chinodzorwa nesimba rezvisaririra chinoita kuti chisave kure nekupera kwesimba rezvisaririra.

Zvinhu zvitatu zvechinyakare zvinotakura simba rezvisaririra zvinomiririrwa nemarasha, mafuta negasi rechisikigo zvichapera nekukurumidza muzana rino remakore, uye mukushandiswa nekupiswa, zvichakonzerawo greenhouse effect, zvichikonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinosvibisa, uye zvichisvibisa nharaunda.

Saka, zvakakosha kuderedza kuvimba nesimba rezvisaririra, kushandura chimiro chekushandisa simba risingafungidzike, uye kutsvaga simba idzva rinowanikwazve rakachena uye risina kusvibiswa.

Parizvino, simba rinogona kushandiswazve rinosanganisira simba remhepo, simba rehydrogen, simba rezuva, simba rebiomass, simba remvura negeothermal, nezvimwewo, uye simba remhepo nesimba rezuva ndiwo nzvimbo dzinonyanya kutsvagurudzwa pasi rose.

Zvisinei, zvichiri kuoma kuwana nzira yekushandura nekuchengetera simba rakasiyana-siyana rinowanikwazve, zvichiita kuti zviome kurishandisa nemazvo.

Muchiitiko ichi, kuti vanhu vashandise simba idzva rinogona kuvandudzwa, zvakakosha kugadzira tekinoroji itsva yekuchengetedza simba iri nyore uye inoshanda, iyo iriwo nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa muongororo dzezvemagariro evanhu dziripo pari zvino.

Parizvino, mabhatiri e-lithium-ion, semamwe emabhatiri echipiri anoshanda zvakanyanya, ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi, kutakurwa, mundege nedzimwe nzvimbo. , mikana yekuvandudzwa yakaoma zvikuru.

Hunhu hwemuviri nehwemakemikari hwesodium nelithium hwakafanana, uye hune simba rekuchengetedza simba. Nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwakawanda, kupararira kwakafanana kwesodium, uye mutengo wakaderera, inoshandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza simba hwakakura, hune hunhu hwemutengo wakaderera uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Zvinhu zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvema electrode emabhatiri e sodium ion zvinosanganisira layered transition metal compounds, polyanions, transition metal phosphates, core-shell nanoparticles, metal compounds, hard carbon, nezvimwewo.

Sechinhu chine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakachengetwa, kabhoni yakachipa uye iri nyore kuwana, uye yave kuzivikanwa zvikuru sechinhu chinoumba anode yemabhatiri e sodium-ion.

Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwe graphitization, zvinhu zvekabhoni zvinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: graphitic kabhoni uye amorphous kabhoni.

Kabhoni yakaoma, iyo iri mu amorphous carbon, ine simba rekuchengetedza sodium re300mAh/g, nepo zvinhu zvekabhoni zvine graphitization yakakwira zvakaoma kushandiswa mukutengeserana nekuda kwenzvimbo yazvo yakakura uye kurongeka kwakasimba.

Saka, zvinhu zvisina girafiti zvakaomesesa kabhoni zvinonyanya kushandiswa mukutsvaga kwechokwadi.

Kuti zvinhu zveanode zvirambe zvichishanda zvakanaka pamabhatiri e sodium-ion zvinogona kuvandudzwa nekupinza ma ion kana kuti compounding, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera simba rekuchengetedza zvinhu zve carbon.

Sechinhu chine electrode isina kunaka yebhatiri re sodium ion, makemikari esimbi anonyanya kuve ma carbides esimbi ane mativi maviri uye nitrides. Pamusoro pehunhu hwakanaka hwezvinhu zvine mativi maviri, hazvingogone chete kuchengetedza ma sodium ions ne adsorption uye intercalation, asiwo zvinosanganiswa ne sodium. Kusanganiswa kwema ions kunogadzira capacitance kuburikidza ne chemical reactions yekuchengetedza simba, nokudaro zvichivandudza zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekuchengetedza simba.

Nekuda kwekudhura kwakanyanya uye kuoma kwekuwana simbi, zvinhu zvekabhoni zvichiri zvinhu zvikuru zveanode zvemabhatiri e sodium-ion.

Kukwira kwemakemikari esimbi akachinjika kwakaitika mushure mekuwanikwa kwegraphene. Parizvino, zvinhu zvemadimension maviri zvinoshandiswa mumabhatiri e sodium-ion zvinosanganisira NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, nezvimwewo.

Zvinhu zvePolyanionic positive electrode zvakatanga kushandiswa mumaelectrode e lithium-ion battery positive, uye zvakazoshandiswawo mumabatiri e sodium-ion. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira makristaro e olivine akadai seNaMnPO4 neNaFePO4.

Transition metal phosphate pakutanga yakashandiswa se positive electrode material mu lithium-ion batterys. Maitiro ekugadzira akura uye kune akawanda ma crystal structures.

Phosphate, sechimiro chine mativi matatu, inovaka chimiro chefuremu chinobatsira kuti maion e sodium abude pakati pemaaion, uye inobva yawana mabhatiri e sodium-ion ane simba rakanaka rekuchengetedza simba.

Chimiro chemukati megoko rudzi rutsva rwezvinhu zveanode zvemabhatiri e sodium-ion izvo zvakangobuda mumakore achangopfuura. Zvichibva pazvinhu zvepakutanga, chinhu ichi chakawana chimiro chisina chinhu kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwakanaka kwazvo kwechimiro.

Zvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa pakuvaka shell zvinosanganisira hollow cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres nedzimwe hollow structures.

Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakanaka, pamwe chete nechimiro chemashiripiti chegomba uye chine maburi, mashandiro akawanda emagetsi anoonekwa kune electrolyte, uye panguva imwe chete, inokurudzirawo zvikuru kufamba kwemaion e electrolyte kuti iwane kuchengetedza simba zvakanaka.

Simba rinodzokororwa pasi rose riri kuramba richikwira, zvichikurudzira kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekuchengetedza simba.

Parizvino, zvichienderana nenzira dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza simba, inogona kukamurwa kuva kuchengetedza simba remuviri uye kuchengetedza simba remagetsi.

Kuchengetedza simba remagetsi kunosangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwetekinoroji itsva yekuchengetedza simba yanhasi nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo zvekuchengetedza kwakanyanya, mutengo wakaderera, kushandiswa kunochinjika, uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Zvichienderana nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa magetsi, masosi emagetsi ekuchengetedza simba emagetsi anosanganisira ma supercapacitors, mabhatiri e lead-acid, mabhatiri emagetsi emafuta, mabhatiri e nickel-metal hydride, mabhatiri e sodium-sulfur, uye mabhatiri e lithium-ion.

Muhunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza simba, zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinochinjika zvakakwezva kufarira kwevasayendisiti vazhinji nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana kwemagadzirirwo azvo, kuchinjika kwazvo, mutengo wakaderera, uye hunhu hwekuchengetedza nharaunda.

Zvinhu zvekabhoni zvine kugadzikana kwakakosha kwethermochemical, kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka, simba rakawanda, uye hunhu husina kujairika hwemakanika, zvichiita kuti zvive maerekitironi akanaka emabhatiri e lithium-ion nemabhatiri e sodium-ion.

MaSupercapacitor anogona kuchajwa nekuburitswa nekukurumidza kana mamiriro ekunze akakwira, uye ane hupenyu hwekutenderera hunopfuura ka100,000. Iwo rudzi rutsva rwemagetsi akakosha ekuchengetedza simba remagetsi pakati pemacapacitor nemabhatiri.

MaSupercapacitor ane hunhu hwesimba rakawanda uye simba rakawanda rekushandura, asi simba rawo rakaderera, anowanzo buritsa simba rega, uye anowanzo rasa electrolyte kana akashandiswa zvisina kunaka.

Kunyangwe sero remagetsi emafuta riine hunhu hwekuti harichaji, rine simba guru, rine simba rakasiyana uye rine simba rakasiyana, tembiricha yaro yepamusoro yekushanda, mutengo wakakwira, uye kushanda nesimba kwakaderera zvinoita kuti riwanikwe chete mukutengesa.

Mabhatiri ane lead-acid ane zvakanakira zvemutengo wakaderera, tekinoroji yakakura, uye kuchengetedzeka kwakanyanya, uye ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya muzviteshi zvemasaini, mabhasikoro emagetsi, mota, uye nzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba regrid. Mabhodhi mapfupi akadai sekusvibisa nharaunda haakwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zviri kuramba zvichikwira uye mwero wemabhatiri ekuchengetedza simba.

Mabhatiri eNi-MH ane hunhu hwekushanda nesimba, kukosha kwakaderera kwemafuta, kugona kukuru kwemonomer, uye hunhu hwakagadzikana hwekuburitsa, asi huremu hwavo hwakakura, uye kune matambudziko mazhinji mukutarisira mabhatiri, izvo zvinogona kutungamira nyore nyore mukunyunguduka kwemabhatiri rimwe chete.