Kukwira kwakanyanya kwemitengo yezvinhu zvemagetsi kubva pakutanga kwegore ra2021 kuri kukonzera fungidziro pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwezvinodiwa kana kunonoka, uye kwave kuita kuti makambani emotokari afunge kuti anogona kuchinja zvavanoda pamotokari dzavo dzemagetsi.

Paketi inodhura zvishoma yagara iri lithium-iron-phosphate, kanaLFP.Tesla yagara ichishandisa LFP mumhando dzayo dzekutanga dzakagadzirwa kuChina kubvira muna 2021. Vamwe vagadziri vemotokari vakaita seVolkswagen neRivian vakazivisawo kuti vachashandisa LFP mumhando dzayo dzakachipa.

Mabhatiri eNickel-cobalt-manganese, kana kuti NCM, ndeimwe sarudzo. Anoda huwandu hwakafanana hwe lithium kutiLFP, asi inosanganisira cobalt, iyo inodhura uye maitiro ekugadzira kwayo anokakavadzana.

Mutengo wesimbi yeCobalt wakwira ne70% mugore. Nickel yakaona kusagadzikana munguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekumanikidzwa kwenguva pfupi paLME. Mutengo wenickel wemwedzi mitatu uri kutengeswa mukati mezuva kubva pa$27,920-$28,580/mt musi wa10 Chivabvu.

Zvichakadaro, mitengo ye lithium yakakwira nepamusoro pe700% kubva pakutanga kwa2021, izvo zvakonzera kukwira kukuru kwemitengo yemabhatiri.
Sekureva kweS&P Global Market Intelligence, mitengo yesimbi yemabhatiri ekuChina munaKurume yakakwira ne580.7% pagore yemabhatiri eLFP padhora rimwe chete pakirogiramu, zvichikwira kusvika pamadhora angangoita $36/kwh. Mabhatiri eNCM akakwira ne152.6% munguva imwe chete kusvika pamadhora $73-78/kwh munaKukadzi.

"Nziralithiamumutengo wayo wakwira mumwedzi gumi nemiviri yapfuura. Idhisikaundi diki pane yaungatarisira [kana uchienzanisa neNCM] uye kana wangoisa zvinhu zvinoita kuti uve sarudzo yakaoma kupfuura yawaizove. Ungangoda kupa vamwe mashandiro ekushandisa, asi mazuva ano haisi kudhura zvakanyanya. " akadaro mumwe mutengesi wecobalt hydroxide.

"Paiva nekunetseka, zvechokwadi, nekuti mutengo weLFP waive nengozi yakakura kune chikamu chainonanga, icho chiri mabhatiri anodhura zvishoma," akadaro mumwe mugadziri we lithium.

"Hapana dzimwe nzira dziri pachena dzekushandisa mabhatiri anowedzera nickel (ane zvikamu zvisere zve nickel kana kupfuura) munguva pfupi kusvika pakati nepakati. Kudzokera kumabhatiri eNMC ane nickel yakaderera kunodzosera kunetseka nezvekushandiswa kwecobalt, nepo mabhatiri eLFP asingakwanise kuenderana zvizere nekushanda kwenzvimbo uye ane hunhu hwakaderera hwekupisa kana tichienzanisa nemabhatiri anowedzera nickel," Alice Yu, muongorori mukuru, S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Kunyange hazvo makemikari anonyanya kufarirwa muChina ari eLFP, zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti NCM ichaita basa guru mumisika yeEU - uko vatengi vanosarudza mota dzinovatakura munyika yese kana kuyambuka makondinendi nemutengo mudiki.

"Patinotarisa pakugadzira mafekitori emabhatiri, tinofanira kuongorora kuchinjika. Pari zvino pane kuenzana kwemitengo pakati peLFP neNCM. Kana LFP ikachipa zvakare, tinogona kukoshesa kugadzirwa, asi pari zvino tinofanira kugadzira NCM nekuti chigadzirwa chepamusoro-soro." akadaro mumwe kambani yemotokari.

Imwe kambani yemotokari yeOEM yakadzokorora mashoko iwayo, "Mabhatiri eLFP achashandiswa pamotokari dzemhando yepamusoro, asi haashandiswi pamotokari dzemhando yepamusoro".

Chinhu chinogumira

Kuwanikwa kweLithium kuchiri chinhu chinonetsa musika wemagetsi uye chimwe chinhu chinogona kumisa chero kambani kuchinjisa nyore nyore kuLFP.

Tsvagiridzo kubva kuS&P Global Commodity Insights inoratidza kuti kana migodhi yese yelithium iri kuburitswa ikapinda online munguva yakatarwa, nematanho akakodzera ekushandisa mabhatiri, pachava nekushaikwa kwe220,000 mt panosvika 2030, tichifunga kuti kudiwa kwacho kwasvika mamiriyoni maviri mt pakupera kwemakore gumi.

Vazhinji vevagadziri veLithium vekuMadokero ndivo vane chikamu chikuru chezvigadzirwa zvavo zvakachengetwa pasi pezvibvumirano zvenguva refu, uye vashanduri vekuChina vanga vakabatikana nezvinodiwa zvezvibvumirano zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu.

"Pane zvikumbiro zvakawanda [zvakanangana], asi hatina chero chinhu chiripo parizvino," akadaro mumwe wevanogadzira lithium. "Tine huwandu hwezvinhu zviripo chete kana mutengi aine dambudziko, kana kuti akadzima kutumira kwechinhu nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, zvikasadaro zvese zvinenge zvabhukwa," akawedzera.

Kunetseka kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera pamusoro pe lithium, nedzimwe simbi dzemabhatiri, zvichiva chinhu chinotadzisa kushandiswa kwemagetsi, kwakaita kuti vagadziri vemotokari vawedzere kubatanidzwa muindasitiri iyi.

Kambani yeGeneral Motors ichaisa mari mukusimudzira chirongwa cheControlled Thermal Resources cheHell's Kitchen lithium muCalifornia. Stellantis, Volkswagen neRenault vakabatana neVulcan Resources kuti vawane zvinhu kubva kuchirongwa cheZero Carbon muGermany.

Imwe nzira yeSodium-ion

Zvichienderana nekushomeka kwe lithium, cobalt uye nickel, indasitiri yemabhatiri yave kutsvaga dzimwe nzira. Mabhatiri eSodium-ion anoonekwa seimwe yesarudzo dzinovimbisa zvikuru.

Sodium-ion inowanzo shandisa kabhoni muanode nezvinhu zvinobva muchikamu chinozivikanwa sePrussian Blue mu cathode. Kune "nhevedzano yesimbi dzinogona kushandiswa paPrussian Blue, uye dzichasiyana zvichienderana nekambani," sekureva kwaVenkat Srinivasan, director weArgonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) iri kuUS.

Masangano akati mukana mukuru we sodium-ion ndewekuti mutengo wayo wekugadzira wakaderera. Nekuda kwekuwanda kwe sodium panyika, mabheteri aya anogona kudhura zvishoma ne3%-50% pane mabhatiri e lithium-ion. Simba rayo rakafanana neLFP.

Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), imwe yemakambani makuru anogadzira mabhatiri muChina, yakaburitsa gore rapera bhatiri rayo rekutanga re sodium-ion, pamwe chete ne AB battery pack solution yayo, iyo yakaratidza kuti yakakwanisa kubatanidza masero e sodium-ion nemasero e lithium-ion mupaketi imwe chete. Maitiro ekugadzira nemidziyo yebhatiri re sodium-ion zvinoenderana nebhatiri re lithium-ion riripo iye zvino, CATL yakadaro.

Asi sodium-ion isati yasvika padanho rekutengeserana rakakura, pane zvimwe zvinonetsa zvinofanira kugadziriswa.

Kuchine zvimwe zviri kudiwa pamatanho e electrolyte ne anode.

Kana tichienzanisa nebhatiri rakagadzirwa neLFP, sodium-ion yakasimba pakuburitsa simba, asi haina simba pakuchaja.

Chinhu chikuru chinogumira ndechekuti ichi chichiri nguva yakatarwa kubva pakuwanikwa padanho rekutengeserana.

Saizvozvowo, mabhiriyoni emadhora ekudyara mari akaitwa muchikamu chekutengesa lithium-ion zvichibva pamakemikari ane lithium- ne nickel.

"Tinganyatso tarisa sodium-ion asi tinofanira kutanga tatarisa matekinoroji aripo uye ari kuunza fekitori iyi paindaneti," akadaro mumwe mugadziri wemabhatiri.