Kuwedzera kukwira kwemitengo yemidziyo yebhatiri kubva kutanga kwa2021 kuri kukonzera fungidziro pamusoro pekuparadzwa kwekuda kana kunonoka, uye zvakonzera kutenda kuti makambani emotokari anogona kushandura zvido zvemotokari dzavo dzemagetsi.

Iyo yakaderera-inodhura paki yagara iri lithium-iron-phosphate, kanaLFP.Tesla yave ichishandisa LFP kune yayo China-yakagadzirwa entry-level mhando kubva 2021. Vamwe vagadziri vemotokari vakaita seVolkswagen neRivian vakazivisawo kuti vachashandisa LFP mumhando dzayo dzakachipa.

Nickel-cobalt-manganese, kana NCM, mabhatiri ndeimwe sarudzo.Vanoda huwandu hwakafanana hwe lithium kuneLFP, asi inosanganisira cobalt, iyo inodhura uye maitiro ayo ekugadzira ane nharo.

Cobalt simbi mutengo wakakwira 70% mugore.Nickel yaona mhirizhonga ichangoburwa inotevera kusvinwa kupfupi paLME.Mutengo wenickel wemwedzi mitatu uri kutengeserana pakati pezuva re $27,920-$28,580/mt musi waChivabvu 10.

Zvichakadaro, mitengo yelithium yakakwira pamusoro pe700% kubva kutanga kwa2021, izvo zvakonzera kusvetuka kukuru mumitengo yebhatiri.
Sekureva kweS&P Global Market Intelligence, mutengo wesimbi weChinese bhatiri munaKurume wakakwira 580.7% pagore kumabhatiri eLFP padhora pakirogiramu, achikwira kusvika pamadhora makumi matatu nematanhatu/kwh.NCM mabhatiri aive akakwira 152.6% panguva imwe cheteyo kusvika pamadhora makumi manomwe neshanu nemazana manomwe nenomwe / kwh muna Kukadzi.

“Nziralithiumyakakwira mutengo mumwedzi gumi nemiviri yapfuura.Icho chidzikiso chidiki pane chaungatarisira [kupokana neNCM] uye kana iwe uchinge wakanda mukuita zvinhu isarudzo yakanyanya kuoma ingave.Iwe unogona kuda kupa kumwe kuita kwemutengo, asi haina kudhura zvakanyanya mazuva ano.” mumwe mutengesi wecobalt hydroxide akadaro.

"Paive nekunetsekana, chokwadi, nekuti mutengo weLFP waive nenjodzi yakawandisa kune chikamu chainonongedza, chiri mabhatiri anodhura," yakabvumirana neanogadzira lithium sosi.

"Hapana dzimwe nzira dziri pachena dzemabhatiri ane nickel-intensive (ayo ane 8 parts nickel kana kupfuura) munguva pfupi-kusvika pakati-kati.Kudzokera kune yakaderera-nickel NMC mabhatiri anodzoreredza kunetsekana nezve kushandiswa kwecobalt, nepo mabhatiri eLFP haasati akwanisa kunyatsoenderana nekuita kwemhando uye ane hunhu husingafadzi hwekudzika-tembiricha kana uchienzaniswa nemabhatiri ane nickel-intensive," Alice Yu, muongorori mukuru, S&P Global Market Intelligence. .

Kunyange zvazvo chemistry yakasarudzwa muChina ibheteri yeLFP, inowanzofungidzirwa kuti NCM ichaita chikamu chikuru mumisika yeEU - apo vatengi vanosarudza motokari dzinovatora munyika yose kana kuyambuka-kondinendi pamhosva shoma.

"Kana tichitarisa kugadzira zvidyarwa zvebhatiri, isu tinofanirwa kuongorora kuchinjika.Parizvino pane kuenzana kwemutengo pakati peLFP neNCM.Kana LFP ikava yakachipa zvakanyanya zvakare isu tinogona kukoshesa kugadzirwa, asi izvozvi tinofanira kuburitsa NCM nekuti chigadzirwa chekutanga."OEM yemotokari yakati.

Yechipiri mota yeOEM yakadzokorora chirevo ichi, "mabhatiri eLFP achange ari pano emota dzekupinda, asi asina kutambirwa mota dzekutanga".

Limiting factor

Lithium kugovera kunoramba kuri kunetseka kukuru kumusika weEV uye chimwe chinhu chinogona kumisa chero kambani kushandura kuLFP.

Tsvagiridzo kubva kuS&P Global Commodity Insights inoratidza kuti kana migodhi yese yelithium iri mupombi ikauya pamhepo munguva yakarongwa, iine mataurirwo akakodzera egiredhi rebhatiri, pachange paine kushomeka kwe220,000 mt panosvika 2030, tichifunga kuti kudiwa kunosvika 2 miriyoni mt kupera kwemakore gumi.

Vazhinji vevagadziri velithium vekuMadokero vane chikamu chikuru chezvavakaburitsa zvakachengetwa pasi pezvibvumirano zvenguva refu, uye vashanduri veChinese vanga vakabatikana nezvose zvinodiwa uye zvenguva refu zvekondirakiti.

"Pane zvikumbiro zvakati wandei, asi isu hatina chero zvinhu zviripo panguva ino," akadaro mugadziri welithium."Isu tinongove nemavhoriyamu aripo kana mutengi aine dambudziko, kana kudzima kutumirwa nechikonzero chakati, zvikasadaro zvese zvakabhukidzwa," akawedzera.

Kushushikana kuri kuwedzera nezve lithium, uye mamwe masimbi ebhatiri, kuve chinhu chinomisa kutyaira EV kutorwa kwaita kuti vagadziri vemotokari vawedzere kubatikana kudivi rekumusoro kweindasitiri.

General Motors ichaisa mari mukuvandudza kweControlled Thermal Resources 'Hell's Kitchen lithium chirongwa muCalifornia.Stellantis, Volkswagen neRenault vakabatana neVulcan Resources kuchengetedza zvinhu kubva muchirongwa cheZero Carbon kuGermany.

Sodium-ion imwe nzira

Tichifunga nezve inotarisirwa kushomeka kwerithium, cobalt uye nickel, indasitiri yebhatiri yanga ichitsvaga dzimwe nzira.Sodium-ion mabhatiri anoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa sarudzo.

Sodium-ion inowanzoshandisa kabhoni mune anode uye zvinhu kubva muchikamu chinozivikanwa sePrussian Blue mune cathode.Kune "nhevedzano yesimbi inogona kushandiswa paPrussian Blue, uye ichasiyana zvichienderana nekambani," sekureva kwaVenkat Srinivasan, director weUS-based Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS).

Mukana wakakura wesodium-ion mutengo wayo wakaderera wekugadzira, masosi akadaro.Nekuda kwekuwanda kwesodium pasi pano, mabhatiri mapaketi aya anogona kuita mari ingangoita 3% -50% pasi pemabhatiri e lithium-ion.Iyo simba density inofananidzwa neLFP.

Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), imwe yemabhatiri makuru ekugadzira mabhatiri muChina, yakafumura gore rapfuura chizvarwa chayo chekutanga chesodium-ion bhatiri, pamwe neiyo AB bhatiri pack solution, iyo yakaratidza kuti yakakwanisa kubatanidza masero e-sodium-ion uye lithium-ion. masero mune imwe pack.Maitiro ekugadzira uye michina yesodium-ion bhatiri inoenderana neyazvino lithium-ion bhatiri, CATL yakati.

Asi sodium-ion isati yasvika pachiyero chekutengesa, zvimwe zvinonetsa zvinoda kugadziriswa.

Pachine mamwe kuvandudzwa kunofanirwa kuwanikwa pane electrolyte uye anode mativi.

Kuenzanisa nebhatiri reLFP, sodium-ion yakasimba pakuburitsa, asi haina kusimba pakuchaja.

Chinhu chikuru chinodzikamisa ndechekuti iyi ichiri imwe nguva kubva pakuwanikwa padanho rekutengesa.

Saizvozvo, mabhiriyoni emadhora ekudyara akaitwa muiyo lithium-ion supply chain yakavakirwa pa lithium- uye nickel-rich chemistries.

"Isu taizotarisa sodium-ion asi isu tinofanirwa kutanga tatarisa kune matekinoroji atove kunze uko uye kuunza chirimwa pamhepo," mumwe mugadziri wemabhatiri akadaro.